Europe’s rising energy security challenge

Across Europe, countries have grappled with balancing ambitious energy transition plans with realities about security of supply

Europe’s energy trajectory in 2025 underlined an uncomfortable reality: security of supply has once again become the binding constraint. LNG imports, gas-fired power generation and pragmatic investment in infrastructure are carrying the system, while electrification and regulatory delivery continue to lag behind political ambition. The risk facing the bloc is no longer only geopolitical, but increasingly institutional and systemic. France offers a revealing case study. On 9 December, France’s state-owned transmission system operator (TSO), RTE, published its forward-looking assessment of the electricity system through 2035. The report confirms that France currently produces more low-carbon e